General Scientific Vocabulary
Phrases of introduction
1) We may begin by / start with …
2) We shall begin by pointing out that …
3) It is natural to begin with …
4) Let’s begin by looking at …
5) We’ll begin by considering …
6) We’ll start with a brief consideration of …
7) It is well to begin with a little clarification
8) The first point to be made is …
9) The first step will consist in …
10) From the very start it is necessary to point out that …
11) We may start by noting that …
Phrases of continuation
1) It leads us to / brings us to …
2) What we are now setting out to do is …
3) In this connection a question is bound to arise
4) In this connection the following observation can be made
5) There is one more basic assumption to be considered
6) Let us now turn to / pass on to / proceed to …
7) It will be clear from what has been said above
Активизация внимания
1) It seems essential to emphasize that …
2) It is worth pointing out that …
3) It is noteworthy that …
4) It should always be borne in mind that …
5) It should also be emphasized that …
6) We should lay special emphasis on …
7) A very important point to be made is …
8) It has been stressed throughout the book
9) It is important that we should try to bring into clear focus …







Изложение общепринятых положений
1) It is generally assumed that …
2) It is widely known that …
3) It is widely acknowledged / accepted / believed / agreed / recognized that …
4) It has become traditional to assume that …
5) It is a matter of common observation
6) It is commonplace to say that …
7) It is far from being accepted
8) The scholars generally agree that …
9) The scholars have usually recognized that …
10) It has often been claimed recently that …
11) It is a well-known / well-established fact …
12) It has become customary to think that …
Phrases of conclusion
1) Finally it can be summed up by saying that …
2) We may now summarize something by saying that …
3) To summarize, it is suggested that …
4) We would like to sum up the main points we made above
5) As a result of the analysis made it was revealed that …
6) All this allows us to conclude …
7) From this we can conclude …
8) Perhaps it is most reasonable to conclude that …
9) It enables us to draw a conclusion that …
10) We thus arrive at the following conclusion …
11) We may some to such a conclusion through observation on …
12) A long list of data permits the conclusion that …
13) Finally, it can be observed …
14) It has been no part of our aim to make a comprehensive survey of …










Изученность проблемы
1) Much has been done in the field of … , but undoubtedly much still remains to be done in it
2) The early discussions of … did not touch the question of …
3) Particular attention is paid to …
4) The problem has not received all the attention it deserves
5) At present there is a growing interest in …
6) The question has long interested historians
7) The question still remains open
8) It is unquestionable from the point of view …
9) Now the research focus has shifted towards …
10) We possess a vague and general idea of …
11) The analysis of the general problem shows that …
12) With regard to the old analysis we can state …
13) It requires a thorough analysis
14) We shall undertake a thorough analysis …
15) We shall subject something to the analysis
16) We may now try to analyse something within the framework of …
17) This cannot be answered at all, unless one goes outside the limited bound of the traditional type of analysis
18) To analyse precisely we must turn to …
19) The analysis can be expanded to …















Other Vocabulary
Non-verbal communication
1) Experts in the field of … estimate that …
2) To communicate something
3) There is enormous emphasis in all our interactions on word
4) We are concerned about how other people interpret our words
5) The way in which we hold ourselves
6) Something we may not think of right away
7) Under what circumstances
8) A very important point that I’d like to make is …
9) A certain toss of a head
10) A certain blink of the eye
11) To misinterpret these clues
12) To miss them altogether
Cultural shock
1) If you were to depict it on paper
2) The first stage is often referred to as the ‘honeymoon’ stage
3) To be on one’s guard
4) The ‘letdown’ stage
5) To unlearn one’s own cultural habits and values
6) The stage of ‘resignation’
7) To become adjusted to a new environment
8) To encounter a new habit
9) Let’s look at some practical applications of the research
10) To go through even more cultural shock
11) Cultural differences may lead to tense relationships between different ethnic groups
12) To get some cross-cultural training










Shakespeare in ELT
1) To be relevant to something
2) Lingua franca
3) For better or worse
4) To step outside one’s role
5) To fulfill a need
6) O meet one’s needs
7) In the first place
8) To presume
9) A closer look at
10) To explode a myth
11) To give way to
12) Language acquisition
13) To impose one’s culture onto the other
14) A dominant approach to something
15) To illustrate a point
16) To be rewarded with something
17) A mother tongue
18) A literary language
19) To be of paramount importance
20) To fade away
21) Bare bones
22) In favour of
23) A vehicle for
24) To increase vocabulary
25) A demand for / a need of
26) A sign of times
27) Consumer product
28) Amateur
29) To sideline (the literature specialist)
30) To highlight (to foreground)
31) To come under the influence of something / someone
32) In short
33) To shortchange
34) To engage the learner in the learning process
35) To cope with something
36) A wide range of something
37) In the case of something
38) To give / provide / adduce an example
39) To engage the attention of someone
40) To keep the attention of someone
41) To produce / have an impact of something
42) To be characteristic of something


Sexism in language – 1
1) To take notes on something
2) Gender-specific terms
3) Gender-neutral words
4) A safe option
5) To internalize the idea
6) A question of equality
7) To give the impression
8) To face a dilemma
Sexism in language – 2
1) I’d like to organize the second part of the lecture around your questions
2) To have questions on one’s mind
3) There are many serious issues facing women
4) Workplace inequality
5) The language question is also on the minds of international organisations
6) The issue isn’t just the words themselves, but the ideas behind the words
7) To stand in the background
8) Women tend to be pushed to the background in society
9) To change one’s expectations
10) Women can also enter the professional world and be successful
11) This issue definitely is receiving more and more attention worldwide
12) To be a major force behind the move to avoid sexist language
13) Well, we’ll have to leave it here for today
“Crime and punishment”
1) A controversial issue
2) To allow capital punishment
3) The Supreme Court ruled (smth)
4) To reinstate the law
5) Executions have been carried out
6) To deter crime
7) To link the increase in executions with the decrease in homicides
8) Homicide rate
9) Effective deterrence
10) To be sentenced to death
11) Another major objection to capital punishment
12) To be improperly convicted
13) We have to allow for the possibility of that error
14) To be in the domain of the state
15) To play a role of God on life and death issues



Cardio-vascular diseases – 1
1) I’m going to be speaking on the risk factors for cardio-vascular disease
2) A loss of elasticity
3) Partial or complete blocking of arteries
4) To feed the heart muscle
5) To give smb an idea of smth
6) Who might develop one of these problems or these diseases
7) To run through
8) Males appear to be at a much higher risk for cardio-vascular disease
9) The older a person is, the higher their risk for the cardio-vascular disease
10) Risk of getting cardio-vascular disease increases
11) People with diabetes have a higher rate of cardio-vascular disease
12) The statistics bear this out
13) To create no risk to a person
14) This is to some extent hereditary
15) The cause is usually hereditary
Cardio-vascular diseases – 2
1) High blood pressure tends to run in families
2) Good medications
3) To have very few side effects
4) High blood pressure often occurs in people who are obese
5) To get people on an appropriate medication
6) To keep one’s blood pressure within normal range
7) Some very high percentage of the Americans are considered obese
8) This puts a person at risk for diabetes and high blood pressure
9) It’s very important to get rid of that excess weight
10) To cure obesity
11) To have a higher incidence of these diseases
12) Tend to be under more stress and therefore under more of a risk for cardio-vascular disease
13) Research on the type-A has been going on for over 20 years now
14) To deal with one’s anger in a healthier way
15) Sedentary lifestyle
16) Keep one’s stress down
17) If all these factors are in their favour