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Phrasal verbs are meaning groups made up of a single verb and a particle (usually an adverb). A phrasal verb is a combination which takes on a new meaning independent of the original meaning of the verb: We ran out of the house. (The meaning of the verb does not change and out of refers to the house.) We ran into Mark on Saturday. (The meaning has changed. ➝ run + into means ‘meet’) Phrasal verbs are frequently used in English. They tend to be used in less formal contexts than single verbs: We need to sort out the problem. (less formal) We need to resolve the problem. (more formal) Phrasal verbs do not always have a single verb equivalent (resolve = sort out) , but whenever they do, we choose the single verb over the phrasal verbs in formal English, and the phrasal verb over the single verb in neutral and informal contexts. Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs can be transitive (used with an object) or intransitive (used without an object): It’s cold, put your jacket on. (your jacket = object, put on is a transitive phrasal verb) The policeman let him off with a fi ne. (him = object, let off is a transitive phrasal verb) The realisation of the disaster slowly began to sink in. (no object, sink in is an intransitive phrasal verb) I’m sure the price of some vegetables will go down. (no object, go down is an intransitive phrasal verb) Some phrasal verbs can be both transitive and intransitive: Cheer up! I’m sure everything will be all right in the end. (intransitive) My best friend always knows how to cheer me up when I am upset. (transitive) Sometimes the same verb can be used transitively and intransitively, but with a difference in meaning: It took years to pay off the loan. (= give the money back, transitive) In the end, eating carefully and avoiding fatty foods paid off. (= produce good results, intransitive). We do not place an adverb or a passive object between the verb and the particle: She backed up their ideas forcefully. (NOT She backed forcefully up their ideas.) The plan for the food festival was put forward by the promoters. (NOT The plan for the food festival was put by the promoters forward.) Some examples of transitive separable verbs are: let down, lay off, back up, bring up, pay off, blow up, call off, turn on, turn off. In inseparable phrasal verbs, the verb and the particle are never separated: the object always comes after the particle: As delicious as pancakes are, you can’t live on pancakes alone. (the object pancakes comes after the particle) As delicious as pancakes are, you can’t live on them alone. (the object them comes after the particle) Some examples of transitive inseparable verbs are: look for, look into, break into, call for, fall for, get over, go through. Three-word phrasal verbs Three-word phrasal verbs are made up of a verb + adverb particle + preposition, and are also known as phrasal prepositional verbs. They are transitive (used with an object) and inseparable. The object always follows the fi nal preposition: He put up with the pain for as long as he could but fi nally asked for a painkiller. (the object the pain comes after the f i nal preposition with) A modifying adverb can only be placed between the adverbial particle and the preposition: He put up bravely with the pain for as long as he could, but f i nally asked for a painkiller. OR He put up with the pain bravely for as long as he could, but f i nally asked for a painkiller. Common examples of three-word phrasal verbs are: back out of, catch up on, catch up with, drop in on, face up to, get down to, look down on, make away with, stand up for