Exercise
Fill in the blank.
- Lymph ______ are found throughout the body and are a signal of a disease, infection, or problem if they become and remain swollen for long periods of time.
- ______ are pathogens that cannot be killed with antibiotics because they are non-living. They take over cellular organelles to replicate and spread.
- Because they are also eukaryotes with their own cell membranes and membrane-bound organelles, ______ are often difficult to combat with medicines.
- A cell signal called ______ is produced by mast cells. These molecules cause more fluid to spread to an infected area.
- _______ are the types of cells that produce antibodies.
- All pathogens have unique identifying molecules on their surfaces called ______. Antibodies bind to these, and targeting the pathogen to be destroyed by the immune system.
- ______ is a non-specific response to disease, in which the body temperature rises.
Respond to the following based on your reading.
- Describe the steps that occur, in order, to trigger an inflammatory response to a paper cut.
1 nodes
2 viruses
3 fungi
4 histamine
5 B
6 antigens
7 fever
8 Once you get a paper cut, the body issues an inflammatory reaction in order to prevent infection. 1st stage is Tissue damage --the paper cuts the skin and the bacteria is introduced. 2 Chemical signals are released. Mast cells release histamines, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Histamine does vasodilation to vessels. 3 Vasodilation increases the blood flaw. 4 swelling happens 5 WBC and neutrophils attack bacteria by phagocytosis. 6 Macrophages eat dead neutrophils 7 clotting occurs 8 new epithelial cells grow. Skin repair happens.
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Exercise
Fill in the blank.
- Killing pathogens and then using them to provide the body with active immunity is called ______. This is often done in young children.
- When the immune system treats otherwise harmless substances, such as pollen, as if they were invaders, a/n ______ can occur.
- HIV is a virus that attacks ______ in the body, weakening the immune system.
- Polio used to be fairly common and devastating. Thanks to widespread vaccination against polio, the disease is now considered _______, no longer infecting nearly as many people as it once did.
- Arthritis is an example of a/n _______, where part of a person’s body is identified as foreign and attacked by the person’s immune system.
Respond to the following based on your reading.
- Colonization is largely blamed for bringing smallpox to the Americas. Why was this disease so devastating to Native Americans? Why can we now travel to different parts of the world and avoid contracting analogous diseases?
1 immunization/vaccination
2 allergy
3 CD4/wbc
4 eradicated/absent
5autoimmune disease
6 Native Americans were never exposed to smallpox before so their organisms did not have defense mechanisms against it. They did not have neither active no passive immunity. Vaccinations reduce the outbreaks of the diseases, People can get immunization and travel to different parts of the world.
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