Аbkhazians - one of the most ancient radical ethnoses of Caucasus, language, culture and which traditions are closest and related to North-Caucasian people: to abasins, adighes, kabardians, Circassians,Ubykh. In the language attitude all of them make аbkhazian-adygian group of the North-Caucasian family of languages.
Abkhazians - people. They use the alphabet created in 1862 by linguist P.K.Uslarom on the basis of Russian schedules, advanced by the Abkhazian scientists.
Number of abkhazian's in Republic Abkhazia on census 1989 93,2 thousand person, all in the Russian Federation and the CIS countries - 105 thousand person. They live in Turkey and other countries - more than 600 thousand person.
Абхазы profess various beliefs: traditional religion , christianity (Orthodoxy), an islam.
The first mentions of Abkhazia contain in Assirian sources of XII century up to н. э. (inscription Тiglat Palasara I) under a name "аbeshla", and in I-II centuries н. э.
Are fixed "аpsilian" and "аbazges".
Their genetic communication with Abkhazian people specify nation "аpsua" (the self-name of abkhazian's), "abaze" (the self-name the abasin, related to abkhazians), "obezian's" Russian and "аbkhazian's" the Georgian annals. "Apsny", th.m." The country of soul " - so name the native land abkhazian's
Ancestors of abkhazian were one of founders megalithic (dolmen, kromlekhi) cultures on the Western Caucasus in III thousand up to н. э., and in beginning I of a millenium up to н. э.Kolkhid-albanian a metallurgical province. In VIII-VII centuries up to н. э. They have mastered skills of manufacture and the processings of the iron which has found the bright reflection in heroic нартском the epos of abkhazians in image of smith Ajnara.

Through territory of Abkhazia on meoto-kolkhidian to road in VII-VI centuries up to н. э. To Forward Asia there passed Scythians, the part from which has settled and has mixed up with local ancien abkhazian population.
Way of a city life (Dioscurius-we shall tell lies. Sukhum,Guenos,Eshera a site of ancient settlement,Pitiunt - we shall tell lies.Pitsunda), the statehood on territory of Abkhazia was introduced by Greeks in first half VI century up to н. э., the connected then local neighboring communities in uniform system economic, attitudes.

Under the church legend ancestors абхазов have heard the first Christian sermon from lips of apostles of Andrey Pervozvannogo and Симона Кананита. In the end 111-IV centuries in Питиунте the first Christian community on Caucasus which bishop Stratofil represented on the first Universal church cathedral in Никее in 325 Officially local population was formed has accepted christianity in VI century at emperor Justiniane Great. The first pastor at абасгов was Euphrates, at апсилов - Konstantin. In Constantinople the school where children абасгов were specially trained is based. In древнегрузинском a source " Мученичество Abo Тбилели " (VIII century) is directly spoken about religous "Country Abkhazia" that testifies to formation of the Abkhazian feudal nationality.

During VIII-X centuries there was an Abkhazian empire which first tsar was Leon II, the son of the daughter powerful хазарского кагана. Being a board from the Arabian invasions, it has objectively led to association of all Western Transcaucasia. Has reached the blossoming in X a century at Georges II which actively promoted христианизации Алании. During this period in local church architecture the school of the Byzantian architecture is allocated special абхазо-аланская.
The dynasty of the Abkhazian tsars was stopped on a man's line with death childless Feodosiya Blind, and the authority has passed to its nephew Bagratu III (978-1014) which was the Georgian on the father, but the Abkhazian throne has inherited on a parent line of a dynasty of Leonids (абхазка Гурандухт, the sister Feodosiya). Баграт III has made a family tree of the Abkhazian tsars to emphasize the communication with this dynasty. Formation of the new state has begun with it - " empires абхазов and картвелов ", which else some time continued to refer to "Abkhazian".



In the first centuries a.c. ancient abkhazian tribes have been incorporated in ansien classes of formations (Аbasgia, Аpsilis,Sanigia) which were organic though also a peripheral part of the rome-Byzantian cultural world. In coastal fortresses of Pitiunt,Sebastopolis and Ziganis there were Roman cohorts, and in Egypt there was " a First cohort of abasges ".
In VI-VIII centuries b.c. Through Abkhazia to Northern Caucasus passed three branches of " the Great silk way " (roads through Аbasgia, Аpsilia and Мisimiania).
In 11-VII centuries н. э. ancien abkhazian tribes have created original " Tsebeldian culture ". The earliest are found In local military burial places in territory of the former USSR swords 111-IV centuries from Damask steel.
In XIII century " the abkhazian empire and kartvel empire " has broken up. In XIII-XVBB. Abkhazia was in sphere of political-economical influence of Genoa which has based a number of trading trading stations on the Black Sea coast of Crimea and Caucasus.

In XVI-XVIII centuries the Abkhazian princedom was under protectorate sultan Turkey. Is extended an islam sunit sense.

From the end of XVIII century, at possessor Keleshbee Chachba ,the Abkhazian princedom again has amplified and by means of fleet supervised the Black Sea coast from Anapa up to Batumi.
In July, 1810 Russian naval landing with fight has taken fortress Sukhum-kale. Lawful sovereign prince Aslanbej Chachba has left strengthening. Coastal Abkhazia, except for free mountain societies, has been attached to Russia. On the Abkhazian throne imperial authorities have erected protege Seferbeja Chachba whom George has accepted a christening and a new name. One of distinctive features of the Abkhazian princedom that it, unlike Georgia, has not lost completely the statehood with connection to Russia. With 1810 for 1864 the Abkhazian princedom kept independent management in structure of Russia and has existed longer others on Caucasus.
With 1864 for 1917 Abkhazia (" the Sukhumi military department ", " the Sukhumi district ") has been subordinated imperial administration on Caucasus.


In XIX centuries Abkhazia still borrowed intermediate position between democratic free societies of mountaineers of Northwest Caucasus and feudal system of Georgia. However on spirit of a social system it was closer is connected with circasina-ubykh the world. In Abkhazia there was no feudal landed property, there was no serfdom, and free partyes made almost all 3/4 population of the country.

Elements have strong got used to system " mountain feudalism " Abkhazia monarkhy building and pagan beliefs. A basis of bases of a social system of Abkhazia was a rural community ("аkyta") which united all layers of the population - the maximum and lowest estates - and has been impregnated by dairy relationship ("otomanian") feudal lords with peasants. That softened also some class contradictions.



In conditions of farm landed property arable plots were not the property of all community, and were in family or the household property of abkhazians. The general for all and for joint using pastures and woods were opened only.
The facilities abkhazians had naturally-consumer character. They were engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, winemaking, beekeeping, processing of metals, leather, wood, potter's and business, weaving, preparation of gunpowder, etc. Abkhazians traditionally tested hostility to any displays of commodity-money attitudes.


As a result of the Caucasian war and anticolonial revolts 1866, 1877 they have gone through ethnic accident. More than half of population have been compelled to leave the native land and to become refugees - Makhadzhiry.
To Abkhazia the stream emmigrants, first of all the Georgian (basically lazianz), and also Armenians, Greeks, Russian,Bulgarians, Germans, Estonians, etc. So, in 1886 Abkhazian made 85,7, and in 1897 - 55,3 population has rushed. After disintegration of Russian empire Abkhazia was included into the Union of the incorporated mountaineers of Caucasus and the Southeast Union. On November, 8th, 1917 at congress in Сухуме the first parliament - the Abkhazian National Advice which has accepted the Constitution and the Declaration of Abkhazian people is selected.

On May, 11th, 1918 at the Batumi peace conference the Mountain republic (the North-Caucasian republic) is proclaimed.
Together with Dagestan, the Chechen Republic, Ossetia, Кабардой its structure included also Abkhazia. The Abkhazian statehood lost in 1864 has been restored
In June, 1918, in infringement of all arrangements, armies just the proclaimed Democratic republic Georgia (on May, 26th, 1918), at direct military support of Germany, occupied territory of Abkhazia. The government of Mountain republic has expressed Georgia, to the German government the sharp protest and has regarded these actions as the certificate of aggression against Abkhazia and all North-Caucasian state.
The policy of the government of Georgia caused extreme discontent of the multinational population of Abkhazia, as has facilitated an establishment here the Soviet authority on March, 4th, 1921. The new mode was perceived as disposal of reprisals and armed interventions of the Georgian republic.
First bolsheviks have given to Abkhazia freedom of a political choice which has been realized by its declaration ministry independent USSR Abkhazia (on March, 31st, 1921). Uniqueness of a political situation consist that Abkhazia about one year was independent both of the Soviet Russia, and from the Soviet Georgia.
In December, 1921 Abkhazia under Joseph Stalin's strong pressing, Орджоникидзе and others has been compelled to conclude with Georgia " the special allied contract ", ratified in February, 1922 which has fixed, as a matter of fact, equality of two republics. Character of interstate attitudes of Abkhazia and Georgia 1925 and in the Constitution Georgian ССР 1927 in which it is emphasized has found the reflection in Constitution ССР of Abkhazia, that Georgian ССР is the state which is under construction on the federal beginnings (item 2-nd).

The first Soviet Constitution is accepted in Abkhazia in April, 1925 Ill by Allabkhazian congress of Advice. Abkhazia has accepted then the Constitution, as well as other union republics, unlike independent which had no it. During this period Soviet Abkhazia under the status was not independent, but the union republic having the status of the sovereign state (Item 5 of the Constitution of Abkhazia 1925) therefore the Constitution of Abkhazia 1925 by position was not a subject to the statement in other structures. The decision of congress of Advice on the given question was considered final. Abkhazia was not a part of Georgia.

Per 1924-1925 the Arms and Flag of Soviet Abkhazia have been approved, acts of the constitutional character are accepted, put into operation codes: criminal, civil, criminally-remedial, ground, wood.
Up to 1931 S. Abkhazia referred to as "contractual" republic. Under Stalin's pressure contractual S. Abkhazia has been transformed to autonomous republic (Abkhazian АSSR) and included in structure Georgian SSR. This question was considered at VI congress of Advice of Abkhazia (on February, 11th, 1931) though did not appear in the agenda, and then in Tbilisi VI всегрузинским congress of Advice the decision about transformation ССР of Abkhazia to autonomous republic on February, 19th, 1931 was accepted.
Violation of the sovereign rights of Abkhazia, bringing down of its status up to a level of an autonomy in structure of Georgia has led lasting many days national meeeting of Abkhazian people.(On February, 18-26th, 1931), to failed to trust government and the Soviet authority.

After destruction of the chapter of Abkhazia нестора Лакобы (it is poisoned Берией in December, 1936 in Tbilisi), the most tragic period of the newest history of Abkhazia has begun. The terror led utter annihilation of political and intellectual elite of Abkhazian people has fallen upon republic. The strengthened rates spent a policy грузинизации:
School training of children has been translated with Abkhazian on the Georgian language, the Abkhazian writing - on the Georgian graphic basis, primordial Abkhazian топонимы are replaced Georgian, the policy directed on deformation of ethnodemographic structure of the population was purposefully spent ассимиляторская переселенческая. For the period 1937-1953 from internal areas of Georgia to Abkhazia have been moved tens thousand Georgian that has considerably increased their share in structure of the population of Abkhazia (6 in 1886; 24 in 1897; 30 in 1939; 39, 1 in 1959).
Demographic expansion the Georgian in Abkhazia, encouraged by Tbilisi, was spent in the veiled form and to the postStalin period. Mass meetings and demonstrations with the requirement of an output of Abkhazia from structure of Georgia occured in 1957,1964,1967,1978,1989.y.yThe parliament of Georgia unilaterally began to make of the decision (the decision 1989-1990) which ignored interstate character of attitudes of Abkhazia and Georgia and in essence order to abolition of the Abkhazian statehood. Tbilisi has recognized illegal and void all the state structures of Soviet time since February, 1921. In the answer the Supreme body Abkhazian АССР on August, 25th, 1990 has accepted the Declaration on the state sovereignty of Abkhazia.
Having come to authority as a result of the armed revolution to Tbilisi, the Military council of Georgia in February, 1992 has made a decision on a cancelling of the Constitution Georgian ССР 1978 of m about transition of Republic Georgia to the Constitution of Democratic Republic Georgia of 1921 in which Abkhazian АССР as the subject it is state-legal relations does not appear. In legal relations Georgian ССР has ceased to exist, and the new state with which Abkhazian АССР any mutual relations had no was formed.

With a view of overcoming legal неурегулированности between republics the Supreme body of Abkhazia on July, 23rd, 1992 has decided to restore action in territory of Abkhazia of the Constitution of Abkhazia of 1925, and also the new Arms and the Flag of Republic Abkhazia are accepted.

On August, 14th, 1992 just the Georgia which has entered the United Nations has untied war against Abkhazia. The Georgian armies at support of the fighting aircraft, more than hundred tanks, another бронетехники, artilleries, have intruded in Abkhazia and occupied a part of its territory.

They shot peace citizens, subjected to their tortures and violence, burnt houses and villages, repaired punishment not only above Abkhazian, but also above the Armenian, Russian, Greek population. On an occupied territory ethnic cleaning was made. Besides physical destruction the policy of a cultural genocide was spent also. Monuments of history and culture of Abkhazian people, museums and libraries, громились were destroyed, theatres, institutes, schools, archives, university were plundered and burnt. The most valuable records of folklore, linguistic materials, historical documents, the rare books and manuscripts were lost.

On September, 30th, 1993, after more than 13 months of occupation, all territory of Abkhazia has been released.
Since November, 1993 on present time under aegis of the United Nations, at intermediary of Russia and at participation of OSCE there are грузино-Abkhazian negotiations. A number of the major documents, in particular, " the Application for measures on political settlement from April, 4th, 1994 " is signed.
Since May - June, 1994 owing to spent under aegis of the United Nations of operation on maintenance of the world (an army of the CIS and military observers of the United Nations) fire on border between Abkhazia and Georgia is stopped. Return of refugees to area Galsky has begun. Negotiating process proceeds.

On November, 26th, 1994 the parliament of republic has accepted the new Constitution of the sovereign Abkhazian state, the subject of international law. By a state language of Republic Abkhazia it is recognized Abkhazian, and Russian alongside with Abkhazian is language of state and other establishments. The government is carried out on the basis of division on legislative, executive and judicial.
Abkhazia - presidential republic. The parliament has selected the first president Vladislav Ardzinba.

From December, 1994 till September, 1999 Abkhazia and its people as any country in the world, were exposed to the most severe political, economic and information blockade.

After destructive грузино-Abkhazian war in the country the economy, culture, a science and formation began to revive. Year from a year increases manufacture of tea, citrus, tobacco, come to life resorts in Сухуме, Пицунде, Гагре, thousand having a rest again began to visit Новоафонскую a cave, a monastery and lake Ritsa.
Have renewed the work the Abkhazian state university, the Abkhazian institute of humanitarian researches, the national creative unions of artists, writers, journalists, composers, architects.
The Academy of sciences of Republic Abkhazia is based. In new conditions the Abkhazian TV and radio, the Abkhazian book publishing house, magazines, newspapers, including independent function.
National choreographic collectives, variety and children's musical ensembles, statements of the Abkhazian state theatre, art exhibitions, youth festivals, competitions use the big popularity. The intelligency of Abkhazia spends greater research, creative work in various areas of a science, formation and culture. Alan Tabagua.

Eto istoriya Abhazii,mojesh na russkom prochest,tolko u menya v ankete:)

по-моему весьма не плохо :)
>>> Трансерфинг Реальности <<<
это сногсшибательная система управления реальностью.
Стоит применить ее, и жизнь начнет меняться под ваш заказ.
Те, кто пробовали заниматься Трансерфингом, испытали удивление, граничащее с восторгом.
transurfing . co . cc - если ссылка нерабочая, то убери пробелы вокруг точек :)
Окружающий мир Трансерфера непостижимым образом меняется буквально на глазах - проверенно большим числом практикующих это Волшебство :)
http://www.transurfing.co.cc/29697272.gif

едрит твою - здорово то как :)
>>> Трансерфинг Реальности <<<
это поразительная копилка инструментов управления реальностью.
Стоит применить ее, и жизнь начнет меняться под ваш заказ.
Те, кто пробовали заниматься Трансерфингом, испытали удивление, граничащее с восторгом.
transurfing . co . cc - если ссылка нерабочая, то убери пробелы вокруг точек :)
Окружающий мир Трансерфера непостижимым образом меняется буквально на глазах - проверенно большим числом практикующих это Волшебство :)
http://www.transurfing.co.cc/29697272.gif

здесь Лик Стража Смерти
слабонервным делать нечего
в глаза не смотреть !
Сильнейший гипноз

я тож так думаю :)

нуу всё с натяжкой это у вас както