Как известно, сокращение – это «укорачивание» слова, когда некоторые буквы как бы «выбрасываются» из слова. На месте «выгнанных» букв в английском языке ставится апостроф (’).
Сокращенные, или краткие формы – неотъемлемая часть английской речи. Их использование напрямую говорит о тоне разговора. Многие ошибочно предполагают, что сокращениям не место, например, в письменной речи. Однако, в дружеской переписке, например, они вполне приемлемы. Конечно, в деловых отчетах и документах стоит их избегать.
Чаще всего, сокращается отрицательная частица ‘not’. Она превращается в n’t, при этом сливаясь с предыдущим глаголом:
После форм глагола be: aren't, isn't, wasn't, weren't
После модальных глаголов: can't, couldn't, mustn't, shouldn't, won't, wouldn't
После форм глагола do: didn't, doesn't, don't
После форм глагола have: hasn't, haven't, hadn't
We were not ready for the changes. = We weren’t ready for the changes.
She could not have missed it. = She couldn’t have missed it.
Why did not you call me? = Why didn’t you call me?
They have not arrived yet. = They haven’t arrived yet.
Кроме частицы ‘not’, в английском языке принято сокращать формы глаголов ‘to be’, ‘to have’, ‘to do’, а также модальных глаголов ‘can’, ‘may’, ‘must’, ‘need’, ‘will’, ‘shall’ и др. во всех временах.
Список общепринятых сокращенных форм
aren't
are not
can't
cannot
couldn't
could not
didn't
did not
doesn't
does not
don't
do not
hadn't
had not
hasn't
has not
haven't
have not
he'd
he had; he would
he'll
he will; he shall
he's
he is; he has
I'd
I had; I would
I'll
I will; I shall
I'm
I am
I've
I have
isn't
is not
it's
it is; it has
let's
let us
mightn't
might not
mustn't
must not
shan't
shall not
she'd
she had; she would
she'll
she will; she shall
she's
she is; she has
shouldn't
should not
that's
that is; that has
there's
there is; there has
they'd
they had; they would
they'll
they will; they shall
they're
they are
they've
they have
we'd
we had; we would
we're
we are
we've
we have
weren't
were not
what'll
what will; what shall
what're
what are
what's
what is; what has
what've
what have
where's
where is; where has
who'd
who had; who would
who'll
who will; who shall
who're
who are
who's
who is; who has
who've
who have
won't
will not
wouldn't
would not
you'd
you had; you would
you'll
you will; you shall
you're
you are
you've
you have
Вы, наверное, заметили, что сокращаются именно вспомогательные глаголы, ведь их немного, их все знают и их легко распознать в сокращенном виде, чего нельзя сказать о всех
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