Настроение сейчас - goodAll laws made for the purpose of protecting the interests of individuals
or classes must mean, if they mean anything, to render the articles
which such classes deal in or produce dearer than they would otherwise
be if the public was left at liberty to supply itself with such
commodities in the manner which their own interests and choice would
dictate. In order to make them dearer it is absolutely necessary to make
them scarcer; for quantity being large or small in proportion to demand,
alone can regulate the price;--protection, therefore, to any commodity
simply means that the quantity supplied to the community shall be less
than circumstances would naturally provide, but that for the smaller
quantity supplied under the restriction of law the same sum shall be
paid as the larger quantity would command without such restriction.
Time was when the Sovereigns of England relied chiefly on the granting
of patents to individuals for the exclusive exercise of certain trades
or occupations in particular places, as the means of rewarding the
services of some, and as a provision for others of their adherents,
followers, and favourites, who either held the exclusive supply in their
own hands on their own terms, or who again granted to others under them
that privilege, receiving from them a portion of the gains. In the
course of time, however, the public began to discover that these
monopolies acted upon them directly as a tax of a most odious
description; that the privileged person found it needful always to keep
the supply short to obtain his high price (for as soon as he admitted
plenty he had no command of price)--that, in short, the sovereign, in
conferring a mark of regard on a favourite, gave not that which he
himself possessed, but only invested him with the power of imposing a
contribution on the public.
The public once awake to the true operation of such privileges, and
severely suffering under the injuries which they inflicted,
perseveringly struggled against these odious monopolies, until the
system was entirely abandoned, and the crown was deprived of the power
of granting patents of this class. But though the public saw clearly
enough that these privileges granted by the sovereign to individuals
operated thus prejudicially on the community, they did not see with
equal clearness that the same power transferred to, and exercised by,
Parliament, to confer similar privileges on classes; to do for a number
of men what the sovereign had before done for single men, would, to the
remaining portion of the community, be just as prejudicial as the abuses
against which they had struggled. That like the sovereign, the
Parliament, in protecting or giving privileges to a class, gave nothing
which they possessed themselves, but granted only the power to such
classes of raising a contribution from the remaining portion of the
community, by levying a higher price for their commodity than it would
otherwise command. As with individuals, it was equally necessary to make
scarcity to secure price, and that could only be done by restricting the
sources of supply by prohibiting, or by imposing high duties on, foreign
importations. Many circumstances, however, combined to render the use of
this power by Parliament less obvious than it had been when exercised by
the sovereign, but chiefly the fact that protection was usually granted
by imposing high duties, often in their effect quite prohibitory, under
the plea of providing revenue for the state. Many other more modern
excuses have been urged, such as those of encouraging native industry,
and countervailing peculiar burthens, in order to reconcile public
opinion to the exactions arising out of the system, all of which we
shall, on future occasions, carefully consider separately. But, above
all, the great reason why these evils have been so long endured has
been, that the public have believed that all classes and interests,
though perhaps not exactly to the same extent, have shared in
protection. We propose at present to confine our consideration to the
effects of protection,--first, on the community generally; and secondly,
on the individual classes protected.
_A moderate depth_ of soil in general is a favourable sign although some of shallow soils on the new red sandstone. and on the Wolds are very good to these signs are to be added locality as respects markets facilities of obtaining a supply of lime or other tillage the rates and outpayments peculiar to the district c. c
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