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45. Hazy-night moon (Oboroyo no tsuki)A masked Noh actor performs the role of the robber Kumasaka no Chohan - a scarf tied round his head and carrying a long pike - who was killed in 1174 when his band
45. Туманно-вечерняя луна (Oboroyo никакой tsuki) |
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46. Bon Festival Moon (Bon no tsuki)Villagers dance in the moonlight during the annual Bon festival, when the spirits of the departed ancestors are supposed to return to earth to be fed and entertained. It is a happy festival, that is held every year during the full moon of July, and a typical dance consists of groups of people that move in circles on incidental music. The image reminds us somewhat of the dancers that Henri Matisse painted two decades later, and Stevenson* also points at the almost impressionistic effect of the Shoji style used by Yoshitoshi in this design. (published February 1887)
46. Фестивальная Луна Bon (Bon никакой tsuki)
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47. Kinto picks a plum branch in the moonlightFujiwara no Kinto (966-1041), aka Shijo-dainagon, was a poet that was highly admired by his contemporaries. He was also a musician, a scholar, and a Heian court official. Snow has fallen on the buildings of the imperial palace during the night, and Kinto has gone out into the moonlit courtyard to pluck and admire a flowering plum branch. His verse reads: "In the midst of glimmering whiteness, among the night’s moon shadows - I part the snow and pluck plum blossoms."
47. Kinto выбирает ветвь сливы в лунном свете
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48. Huai River Moon - Wu Zixu (Waisui no tsuki - Goshisho)Most reviewers take for granted that name in the title refers to the story of the Chinese general Wu Zixu (cir. 490 BC), who wanted to avenge his father's death, and was aided by a Huai River fisherman in locating the grave of the murderer. Perhaps the prominence of the grinning fisherman in this design demands a better explanation. Stevenson* suggest a different story - that of the wise fisherman Jiang Ziya, who became a counsellor for emperor Shi Bei - but this does of course not explain the title. (printed June 1887)
48. Луна Реки Huai - Wu Zixu (Waisui никакой tsuki - Goshisho)
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49. Streetwalker by moonlightThe woman carrying the rolled straw mat is a tsujigimi, one of the lowest ranks of prostitutes. Referring to their heavy white makeup, the verse by the female poet Oshun Hitotose reads: "Like reflections in the rice paddies - the faces of streetwalkers in the darkness are exposed by the autumn moonlight." (published June 1887)
49. Проститутка лунным светом
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50. The moon and the helm of a boat (Daro no tsuki)After been defeated by Yoshitsune in the sea batle of Dannoura in 1185, the young emperor Taira no Kiyotsune - grandson of Taira no Kiyomori, who stood at the basis of the feud between the Taira and the Minamoto - throws himself from his ship and commits suicide. In the Noh play "Kiyotsune", he returns to his wife as a ghost, and tells her in dance and song about the final moments of his life. This is probably what Yoshitoshi refers to in this design. In a different, but not unrealistic account, as the young emperor is only 8 years of age, it is Kiyotsune's mother Antoku who takes the child in her arms and jumps into the sea. (printed June 1887)
50. Луна и руль лодки (Daro никакой tsuki)
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51. Lady Gosechi (Gosechi no myobu)Several elements in this design point at gone-by wealth, notably the torn tapestry, and the battered blinds. The woman playing the koto is dressed as a nun. Her two visitors wear Heian court costumes. They are moved, either by her music, or the state they find her in, or perhaps both. (printed June 1887)
51. Леди Гозечи (Gosechi никакой myobu)
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52. Mount Tobisu dawn moon (Tobisuyama gyogetsu)This scene at the flanks of mount Tobishu is part of the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. Nagashino Castle, Mikawa Province, was under siege of Takeda Katsuyori. Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga send troops to alleviate the siege, and Katsuyori is defeated. The victory of Western-style tactics and firearms over Takeda's cavalry charge is often cited as a turning point in Japanese warfare. The general wearing the Scull Uma-jirushi is supposed to be Toda Hanbei Shigeyuki, a retainer of Tokugawa. Stevenson* suggests that Yoshitoshi perhaps mistook him for another Tokugawa general, Sakai Tadatsugu. This would explain the dark blue Sakai mon that is visible next to the Tokugawa crest. (printed June 1887)
52. Луна рассвета Горы Тобизу (Tobisuyama gyogetsu) |
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53. Sumiyoshi full moon (Sumiyoshi no meigetsu)On a vigil at the Sumiyoshi Shrine in Settsu, south of the present Osaka, the poet-courtier Fujiwara no Sadaie (Lord Teika) fell asleep. Sumiyoshi no Kami, who is worshipped as the patron of poetry, appeared to him in a dream. According to the Noh play Haku Rakuten, Sumiyoshi was instrumental in saving Japanese poetry from Chinese dominance. Near the end of the play, Sumiyoshi makes a strong wind blow the visiting Chinese poet Rakuten’s ship back to his country. Teika (1162-1241) is one of the four greatest Japanese poets, and the composer of several anthologies of Japanese poetry, among which the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu, the “Little Treasury of One Hundred Poets One Poem Each” (printed June 1887.)
53. Sumiyoshi полная луна (Sumiyoshi никакой meigetsu)
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54. Chinese beauty holding a stringed instrumentThis picture is an illustration of a quatrain about the moon on a spring night by the 8th-century Chinese poet Wang Zhang Ling. A noblewoman has been playing on her guqin - a seven-stringed zither - when she notices how beautiful the night is outside. She instructs her attendant to roll up the blinds so that she can see the full moon rising behind the trees. The poem reads: "The night is still and a hundred flowers are fragrant in the western palace - she orders the screen to be rolled up, regretting the passing of spring - with the qin across her lap she gazes at the moon - the colors of the trees are hazy in the indistinct moonlight." (printed June 1887)
54. Китайская красота, держащая струнный инструмент
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55. Fukami Jikyu challenges the moonFukami Jikyu was a samurai whose skills were no longer needed once peace was established under the Tokugawa Shogunate. He joined the Otokodate, groups of able fighters that were charged - or charged themselves - with keeping the peace. In many areas they developed into organized crime families, and they were often associated with excessive behavior and pride. Here, Jikyu strolls boldly through the streets of the pleasure district, with an oversized sunflower pattern on his robe that is seemingly in competition with the frail cherry petals in the moonlight. The poem loosely translates as: "Famous moon, look at me! - I'm holding the stage." (June 1887)
55. Fukami Jikyu бросает вызов луне
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56. Gen’i viewing the moon from his castleGen'i (Maeda no Munehisa, 1536-1602) was a wise priest and shrewd politician, who had a successful career despite the complications of the civil war. Here he is seen reclining on the veranda of Kameyama Castle in Tamba Province, where he may be reflecting on the material world that is clouding the Buddha nature. His poem reads: “Usually I dislike a cloudy sky - tonight I realize that it makes me appreciate the light of the moon.” (June 1887)
56. Gen’i рассмотрение луны от его замка
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57. Reading by the moon (Dokusho no tsuki)In Confucian thought, filial piety is one of the virtues to be cultivated: the love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. This design shows Zi Luo (543-480 BC), a disciple of Confucius, who became a government official. He is studying by the light of the full moon, while carrying a sack of rice to his parents. (printed March 1888)
57. Чтение луной (Dokusho никакой tsuki)
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58. Does the cuckoo too announce its name from above the clouds?Minamoto no Yorimasa (1106-1180) made his fame when he shot a mythological nue-monster that was disturbing the Emperor, and was given a sword,
58. Кукушка также объявляет о своем имени от выше облаков? |
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59. In the moonlight under the trees a beautiful woman comes (Getsumei rinka bijin majiru)The elegantly dressed Chinese woman represents the spirit of the plum tree that appeared to the Chinese poet Zhao Shixiong. (published March 1888)
59. В лунном свете под деревьями красавица приезжает (Getsumei rinka bijin majiru)
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60. Received back into Moon Palace (Gekkyo no mukae)In this scene from the Taketori monogatari (Tale of the Bamboo Cutter), an old bamboo cutter watches in awe as heavenly messengers lead the girl he adopted and raised, Princess Kaguyahime, daughter of the Moon Queen, back to her home. (published March 1888)
60. Полученный назад в Лунный Дворец (Gekkyo никакой mukae)
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61. Gojo Bridge moon (Gojobashi no tsuki)A scene from the Noh play "Benkei on the Bridge". The child Minamoto Ushiwaka in mid jump, defending the passage on Gojo Bridge in Kyoto against the warrior-priest Benkei. When Benkei cannot defeat Ushikawa, and learns of his high birth, he humbly surrenders. Ushiwaka later became the legendary General Minamoto Yoshitsune (1159-1189), and Benkei his loyal follower. Below is Yoshitoshi's 1881 triptych with Benkei far left, ducking Ushikawa's fan. (published April 1888)
61. Луна Моста Gojo (Gojobashi никакой tsuki) |
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62. Moon of Enlightenment (Godo no tsuki)Hotei, the god of happiness, demonstrates the Zen Buddhist wisdom: "All instruction is but a finger pointing to the moon; and those whose gaze is fixed upon the pointer will never see beyond. Even let him catch sight of the moon, and still he cannot see its beauty." (published April 1888)
62. Луна Просвещения (Godo никакой tsuki)
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63. The moon of the moor (Harano no tsuki)The Heian governor and musician Fujiwara no Yasumasa (958-1036) charms his outlaw brother Hakamadare Yasusake by playing the flute. The bandit had planned to rob him, but the music was so beautiful he could not draw his sword. If Yoshitoshi in this series quotes from earlier work, as in this case from his famous 1868 triptych, he often does so with great restraint. See also prints #61, #70, and #85. In this design, the perspective from behind Yasumasa's back, rather than looking him in the face, works admirably well, and helps to condense the scene into one single sheet. (published May 1888.)
63. Луна торфяника (Harano никакой tsuki)
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64. Nakamaro views the moon in ChinaAbe no Nakamaro (701-770) was the son of a high court official, who at the age of 16 was sent to China to study timekeeping and the Chinese calendar. By the whim of fate he remained there until he died. The poem is thought to express his homesickness for Japan: “Now I lift my gaze to the high plain of heaven, I see the moon that rose at Kasuga over Mount Mikasa!" The kite-shaped impression in the centre was rubbed over from the blue sections of Lady Ariko's biwa in print #38, that was once was mounted in an album opposite our print. (printed May 1888)
64. Nakamaro рассматривает луну в Китае
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65. Katada Bay moon (Katadaura no tsuki)In a scene from the Kabuki play Katada ochi (Escaping to Katada), Saito Kuranosuke leads his horse along the shores of Lake Biwa. He looks back as if to make sure that they are not being followed. The straw sandals worn by the horse also indicate that this is a journey into secrecy. After the death of Akechi Mitsuhide in 1582 (Print #19), Saito Kuranosuke and his son Toshimitsu (#8) flee to Katada Bay on Lake Biwa. Kuranosuke falls ill and hides in the house of his nurse. He is eventually caught and executed. His son is allowed to live, and becomes a monk. (published June 1888)
65. Katada луна залива (Katadaura никакой tsuki)
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66. Shizu Peak moon (Shizugatake no tsuki)Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) was extremely ambitious. Perhaps he sought compensation for being born in a peasant family. He entered the service of Oda Nobunaga at the age of 21. Rapidly rising, he soon became his army chief. After Nobunaga’s death in 1582, he took part in the succession wars, not least because he considered himself one of the candidates. We see him here immediately before the crucial battle of Shizugatake in 1583, blowing a giant horogai (a conch shell) to signal his troops. In spite of his low birth, he managed to become Shogun, and was given the family name of Toyotomi. This, however, was not the end. He eventually unified Japan, invaded Korea, and tried to conquer China. (Published October 1888)
66. Луна Пика Shizu (Shizugatake никакой tsuki)
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67. Joganden moon (Joganden no tsuki)The princely courtier Minamoto no Tsunemoto (894-961 AD) was known for his poetry, but was also a skilled archer. One night in 932 near Joganden, a building in the Kyoto palace garden, he supposedly shot a demonic deer that was about to attack the Emperor. He also played an important part in suppressing Taira no Masakado's rebellion against the Emperor, for which he received the title Chinjufu-Shogun (Commander of the Garrison). (December 1888)
67. Луна Joganden (Joganden никакой tsuki)
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68. Moon of the Southern Sea (Nankai no tsuki)Kwanyin, the Bodhisattva of mercy and compassion, is known as Kannon in Japan, and as Avalokitesvara in India. Here she is seated in meditation on the island of Potalaka, off the south coast of India. (published 1888)
68. Луна Южного Моря (Nankai никакой tsuki)
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69. Seson temple moon (Sesonji no tsuki)Fujiwara no Yoshitaka (953-974 AD) meditates in the grounds of Seson temple outside Kyoto, to where he had retreated because he didn't want to overshadow his elder brother. Yoshitaka was a captain of the imperial guards at the Heian court and an accomplished poet. His work can be found in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets) supposedly selected by Lord Teika (1162-1241). (printed 1888)
69. Луна храма Сезона (Sesonji никакой tsuki)
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70. Mount Ashigara moon (Ashigarayama no tsuki)General Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1056-1127), aka Shinra Saburo, was an accomplished performer on the sho, a short bamboo mouth organ. He is said to have convinced Toyowara Tokiaki, the son of his deceased sho master, to follow in his fathers footsteps. Both men are often depicted sitting opposite, playing a sho duet. In this design Yoshitoshi focusses on Yoshimitsu, rather than repeating the full picture of both men. (printed October 1889)
70. Луна Горы Ашигэра (Ashigarayama никакой tsuki)
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